When the Nissan Leaf was first introduced to the U.S. market it was offered in only a few states: Arizona, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington. The 2012 model will be expanded to Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and Washington, D.C., but consumers wanting to buy Nissan’s all electric vehicle will have to pay almost $2,500 more to get it. Nissan says the price is due to more standardized equipment added to the car such as heated seats, heated steering wheel, battery warmer, and a fast charging set up, but rising prices for materials and the strength of the yen is also contributing to the rise in cost. Furthermore, consumers wanting to purchase the new 2012 Leaf will have to get on a waiting list, because almost every car has been pre-sold before it even reaches the dealership.

Ford and Google are working together to develop a tool that will help make Ford’s hybrid vehicles even more efficient. The Application Program Interface (API), also known as Google Predictions, will analyze driver habits using cloud based computing, in order to come up with customized strategies for saving energy. The driver would input their destination and the car would use its stored traffic information to determine the best route. The API would adapt to the drivers driving habits allowing the best fuel efficiency for the driver. The technology is still in a research phase, but Ford hopes to have a working prototype ready for production in four to eight years.

Toyota has announced a recall that will affect about 82,000 Toyota and Lexus hybrid sport utility vehicles (SUV’s). The recall involves about 45,000 2006-2007 Toyota Highlander and 36,000 2006-2007 Lexus RX 400h hybrid SUV models from the 2006-2007 model years. The recall is the result of an investigation that began in February after the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) received complaints of the vehicles stalling for no reason. Toyota has reported that the problem is with the transistors inside the system’s inverter which can overheat and fail. Drivers will be alerted of the problem by warning lamps illuminating on the dashboard, and in most cases the vehicle can be driven a short distance due to a fail safe driving mode. Owners wanting more information on the recall can contact Toyota at 800-331-4331 or go to www.toyota.com/recall or Lexus at 800-255-3987 or go to www.lexus.com/recall.

According to Ed LaRocque, Toyota’s U.S. marketing manager for advanced technology vehicles, Toyota’s new family sized Prius will be hitting the U.S. market this fall after delays due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. The Prius V is being targeted to young families offering versatility and more interior room than most small sport utility vehicles on the market. The company sees the Prius V competing against vehicles such as the Honda CR-V, Ford Escape and the Volkswagen Jetta wagon. Toyota will also be offering a plug in version of the current Prius model early next year followed by a smaller version, known as the Prius C. Toyota has dominated the gasoline electric hybrid market since the Prius went on sale in the U.S. in 2000. The company hopes that Prius sales will eventually rival the sales of Toyota’s popular models like the Camry and Corolla sedans.

California regulators are pushing a mandate that could have zero emission vehicles making up 5.5% of new car sales by 2018, increasing to 14% by 2025. The proposal is being rejected by auto makers who feel the plan is the first step into establishing new national fuel efficiency standards that could end up costing them $5,000 for every vehicle that does not meet the standard. According to the Association of Global Automakers (AGA) the requirement of electric vehicles would interfere with auto makers ability to meet the new fuel economy and emissions standards being proposed by the Obama administration. They feel that auto makers will be forced into building vehicles that are not in demand, into an infrastructure that can not meet their refueling needs. It is expected the plan would hit smaller auto companies the worst, because they have fewer resources and development advances for electric vehicles.

With the price of fuel on a steady rise, consumers have turned to environmentally friendly hybrid and electric vehicles. The demand for these vehicles is leading to shortages throughout the United States and have resulted in dealership markups, some over $20,000 above the suggested retail price. Government incentives allow a $7,500 tax credit on these vehicles, but consumers may be surprised to find that some Chevrolet Volts found on dealership lots are being sold as “used” and no longer qualify..

A report in the National Legal and Policy Center (NLPC), say that some Chevrolet dealers are selling hybrid cars to other dealerships who are claiming the tax credits for themselves. Mark Modica, and investigator for the watchdog group, claimed that one Chicago Chevrolet dealer was selling a used Volt with only 10 miles on it. GM spokesman, Robert Peterson, says that while they do not encourage these transactions between dealerships, there is nothing GM or regulators can do about it. He does not believe that these transactions are done for the sole purpose of claiming the government tax credit, but are dealerships who are ineligible to sell the new Volts, trying to get these cars for their showrooms. He encourages dealers’ to have patience as the Chevy Volt rolls out nationwide. GM expects to produce only about 10,000 Volts this year, but hopes to increase production to 45,000 in 2012.

Tesla Motors Inc. has announced that they will be releasing another 5.3 million shares in a secondary public stock offering of $28.76 per share. These shares will be in addition to a private sale of 1.4 million to Elon Musk, CEO and co-founder of Tesla, plus an additional 637,475 shares to Blackstar Investco LLC, an affiliate of Daimler AG. The company hopes to raise about $211 million which will go towards developing their new SUV like vehicle, the Model X.

In June of 2010 when Tesla first went public, the sale was a big success. The stocks were estimated to sell at about $15 a share but ended going up to as high as $19. Just two days after the release, the stock shot up to almost double the first offering. Despite the huge success, the Tesla IPO soon lost it’s momentum.

Tesla is not expected to make a profit for another two years. They currently sell just one vehicle, the Roadster, a sporty electric car popular with the rich and famous. The first public stock offering has allowed them to develop a more affordable model, the Model S, which will be released to the public next year. The company is currently developing battery packs and chargers for Daimler and Toyota, and have been working with Toyota to develop an electric version to the RAV 4. Tesla shares currently remain steady around $27.00.

In April of 2010, when the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) came out with their national greenhouse gas emission standards, there were concerns about how the new requirements would be received. It was expected that automobile manufacturers would turn to more efficient conventional technologies, while others would go one step further and pursue more advanced fuel saving technologies like diesel, hybrid and electric vehicles. Today, with gasoline prices on a steady rise, Americans are demanding that their new cars not only meet, but exceed the standards set by the government. Because some consumers are still skeptical of the new hybrid and electric technologies, many have chosen to trade in their V-6’s for more fuel efficient four cylinder engines.

Four cylinder engines now account for almost 65% of all vehicles built in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. This is the biggest shift since the 1980’s when consumers traded in their V-8’s for the smaller V-6 engines. It is expected that within the next five years, over half the vehicles in the U.S. will be four cylinder engines. But todays consumers don’t have to give up power to drive the smaller engine vehicles. New technologies have left the underpowered four cylinder engines a thing of the past, and automakers have changed their marketing strategies to focus on the horsepower and fuel economy instead of the number of cylinders a vehicle has.

Ford new generation Explorer will soon offer two liter four cylinder “Eco Boost” engine and are already working on a 1.0-liter, three-cylinder engine.

BMW, who has not built a four cylinder engine in the U.S. for over a decade is now offering their customers the new Z4 sports car scheduled to go on sale this year, and have also been working on a three cylinder engine.

Hyundai has almost abandoned anything bigger than a four-cylinder, which accounts for nearly 90% of its U.S. sales.

And finally, automobile manufacturers like Honda, Toyota and Nissan, who were once criticized for their small powerless vehicles, are now leaders in the new fuel efficient, environmentally friendly technologies.